Chapter Thirteen

1. The regions of the Canaanite land not conquered by the Israelites. 8. The general outline of the east-of-Jordan region that fell to two and a half tribes. 14. The special inheritance of the tribe of Levi. 15. The boundaries and principal cities of the inheritance of the tribe of Reuben. 24. The boundaries and cities of the inheritance of the tribe of Gad. 29. The boundaries and cities of the half-tribe of Manasseh. 33. The chief inheritance of the tribe of Levi.

Joshua 13:1. When Joshua became old and well advanced in years, the Lord said to him, “You are old and well advanced in years, and there still remains very much land to be conquered as an inheritance. As the entry into the Canaanite land (Josh 1:2), so also the distribution of it to the Israelite people was accomplished by a special divine command. The Lord points to Joshua’s advanced age, who was already, it may be supposed, about 85 years old (Josh 14:10), as the reason for issuing this command. Since the Israelite leader had reached an advanced age, he was therefore, despite the incompleteness of the conquest (Josh 13:2-6), to proceed with the division of the Canaanite land among the Israelite tribes, which was to serve as a fulfillment of the divine promise concerning the bestowal of this land upon the people (Josh 13:7). The word “advanced” was added by the Russian translators for greater expressiveness.

Joshua 13:2. “This is the land that remains: all the regions of the Philistines and all the land of the Geshurites [and the Canaanites]. Joshua 13:3. From the Shihor, which is before Egypt, to the border of Ekron to the north, the Canaanites reckon as belonging to the five rulers of the Philistines: the Gazites, the Ashdodites, the Ashkelonites, the Gittites, the Ekronites, and the Avvites; The enumeration of unconquered regions begins from the southwest, with the Philistine coast, where the five mentioned regions or separate areas were located. Under the name placed alongside the Philistine regions (literally) “all Geshurite” (Hebrew “kol haggeshurei”—Γεσουρι according to the Alexandrian manuscript) is understood to be a region distinct from the Geshurite border (Josh 12:5; 2 Sam 15:8), lying to the south of the Philistine coast, of whose inhabitants mention is made also in 1 Sam 27:8. The words “[and Canaanite]” are inserted in accord with the Greek-Slavonic translation; in making this addition, the Greek translators had in mind other unconquered territories, which are indicated in Josh 13:4-6. The Philistine land and the Geshurite region extended from south to north “from the Shihor, which is before Egypt, to... Ekron.” The name “Shihor” (in Hebrew “shichor,” meaning “turbid, dark”) was by the LXX taken as a common noun and rendered as ἀοικήτου, hence the Slavonic “from the uninhabited.” In its common noun sense, it was also translated by the blessed Jerome (a fluvio turbido—“from the turbid river”), but applied not to the land but to the river, which is meant in this place. Under Shihor is understood the “stream of Egypt,” which served as the southern border of the Canaanite land and is called in modern times “Wadi el-Arish” (see Num 34:5). Ekron, according to the Greek-Slavonic translation “Akkaron,” which belonged to Judah (Josh 15:11) and later to the tribe of Dan (Josh 19:43), was the northernmost of the 5 Philistine cities, and was located at the place of the present-day village of Aqir, to the east of Yavne (Holy Land, II, 180). “Reckoned as Canaanites...”—that is, the possessions of these princes, although their population was not of Canaanite origin (Gen 10:14), are included in the composition of the Canaanite land and belong to the possessions of the Israelites. Regarding Gaza and then also Gath see Josh 11:22. “Ashkelon” was conquered after the death of Joshua (Judg 1:18), but only briefly (1 Sam 6:17). It was located on the very shore of the Mediterranean Sea, about 20 versts to the north of Gaza. On its site remain extensive ruins together with the wall surrounding it. Since its last destruction in 1270, “no human dwelling has arisen upon its ruins” (Holy Land, II, 202), in fulfillment of ancient prophecies (Zech 9:5; Zeph 2:4). “The Avvites,” or, literally from the Hebrew, Avvi; thus was named an ancient people “dwelling in villages down to Gaza” (Deut 2:23), enslaved by the Philistines but preserving its existence until the time of Joshua. Where their possessions were located is indicated by the opening statement of Josh 13:4: “to the south” (in Hebrew “mitgeman,” according to the Greek-Slavonic translation “from Teman”), if this statement is connected with the final words of Josh 13:3, for which there are sufficient grounds. Such grounds are, first, the testimony of ancient translations: the Greek LXX, the Latin, and the Syriac, in which the expression “from Teman” is placed in close connection with the name of the Avvites, and, second, the fact that when “to the south” is referred to Josh 13:4, a geographically unintelligible expression is obtained, as the latter would speak of all the Canaanite land, situated to the south of the Philistine coast and at the same time to the north of it, where the “Cave of the Sidonians” was located (Josh 13:4). Under “all the Canaanite land to the south” can be understood here the southernmost part of Canaan (the so-called Negev), concerning the conquest of which it is spoken in Josh 10:40 and Josh 11:16 (“he took... all the land of the south”). In this southern part could certainly be some territory not conquered, but of it could not be used the expression “to the south... all the Canaanite land” (Josh 13:4). The unintelligibility of this expression in the geographical sense compels one likewise to recognize, contrary to the accepted division of this place into verses, the correctness of the ancient translations and, in accord with them, to refer the expression “to the south” to Josh 13:3, whereby the Avvites are portrayed by the biblical writer as dwelling to the south of the Philistine coast, in the wilderness, extending from it further “to the Shihor... before Egypt.”

Joshua 13:4. and to the south is all the Canaanite land, from Sidon’s Cave to Aphek, to the border of the Amorites, From the south, the biblical narrator turns to the north, where he indicates all the “Canaanite land” (in Hebrew “hak-kenani”) or Canaanite, under which is understood the coastal strip of land in the northern part of Canaan, occupied by the Canaanites or Phoenicians, who also in other places (Josh 5:1, cf. Num 13:30 and others) are portrayed as dwelling by the sea. “From Sidon’s Cave to Aphek”: literally from the Hebrew “and Cave of the Sidonians.” The Hebrew word “meara” means “cave,” “depression”; in this common noun sense it is used in Josh 10:18 (“at the opening of the cave”). In this place, it is, in accord with the translation of the blessed Jerome (et Maara Sydoniorum), taken as a proper name of a locality. Under Sidon’s Cave is understood a district in the Lebanon mountains, which is known by the many caves found in it. It is located to the east of Sidon and is called in modern times Mughar (Cave) Jezzine. “Aphek”—a city in the Lebanon mountains, bearing the name Aphoka among the Greeks, to the northeast of Beirut, at the source of the River Adonis. It was assigned to the inheritance of the tribe of Asher (Josh 19:30), but the former inhabitants were not driven out (Judg 1:30). At present, the place of it is occupied by the village of Afka with ruins of an ancient temple of Adonis, distinguished by a beautiful location (Holy Land, II, 574–575).

Joshua 13:5. and also [the Philistine] land of Gebal and all Lebanon to the east of the sun, from Baal-gad, which is beside Mount Hermon, to the entrance of Hamath. Also remained unconquered the region to the north of Aphek, named “the land of Gebal” (in Hebrew text Givli, in Greek manuscripts Γαλιαθ, Γαβλι, in the Slavonic Bible “Gavli”) after the city of Gebal found in it, which among the Greeks bore the name Byblos. Regarding the inhabitants of Gebal, as skilled stonemasons and shipbuilders, mention is made in 1 Kgs 5:18, in Ezek 27:9. It was located to the north of Beirut and was situated on a high cliff jutting into the sea. At present, the poor village of Jbeil occupies its site, with ruins of the ancient city. The word “[Philistine]” transferred from the Slavonic Bible finds its correspondence in many Greek manuscripts, but it is absent in the present Hebrew text and in the translation of the blessed Jerome; this additional word does not contribute to the understanding of this place, and may rather lead to an incorrect conception of where the land of Gebal was located. Also unconquered was all the region of the Lebanon mountains, lying to the east of Gebal and extending from south to north from Baal-gad (see Josh 11:17) or Banyas “to the entrance of Hamath.” “Hamath” (in Hebrew Chamat, among Greek writers—Epiphania) was located on the Orontes River, to the north of Hermon or the Anti-Lebanon. In ancient times, Hamath was the capital of a separate kingdom. The expression “to the entrance of Hamath” (Judg 3:3; 1 Kgs 8:65 and others), frequently used in the Old Testament books, served to designate the southern border of the Hamathite kingdom, which was the northern border of the Israelite land (2 Chr 7:8).

Joshua 13:6. All the mountain dwellers from Lebanon to Misrephoth-maim, and all the Sidonians—I myself will drive them out before the Israelites. Only allot the land to Israel as an inheritance, as I have commanded you; Joshua 13:7. and divide this land for an inheritance among the nine tribes and the half-tribe of Manasseh [from the Jordan to the great sea to the west, you shall give it to them; the great sea will be their border]. Here ends the divine command begun in Josh 13:1 and there is given a promise that all the inhabitants of the mountainous region, extending from Lebanon on the northeast to Misrephoth-maim (Josh 11:8) on the southwest, named after the chief city in it as “Sidonians,” shall be driven out of it. Therefore, Joshua is commanded also to “divide” this territory, that is, to give by lot to the Israelite people as a possession, in accord with previous commands (Josh 1:6; Deut 3:28). Josh 13:7 contains a more precise indication of to whom and what land was to be divided. Specifically, it is commanded that “this land,” which extends “[from the Jordan to... the great]” sea, that is, the Mediterranean, be divided “as an inheritance,” that is, as hereditary property (in the Hebrew text “nachalat,” in the LXX χληρον ομια) among the nine tribes and the half-tribe of Manasseh. Although the words “[from the Jordan to... the great sea... will be]” their border” are absent in the Hebrew text and in the translation of the blessed Jerome, nevertheless the testimony of the LXX translation, in which they are found in the most ancient and many later manuscripts, deserves full attention, as these words are required by the content of this place. The expression “they divided this land” needs clarification because in the preceding verses (Josh 13:2-6) only unconquered territories are mentioned, not the Western-Jordan region in general, which was subject to division. The words “from the Jordan to the sea...” read in the Greek manuscripts provide this clarification, presenting a more precise definition of the land to be divided as that which lay between the Jordan and the sea. In the ancient Slavonic translation, they were likewise found, and only by the Ostrog correctors were they omitted, apparently on the basis of the Complutensian Polyglot.

Joshua 13:8. And the tribe of Reuben and the tribe of Gad and the half-tribe of Manasseh received their inheritance from Moses on the east side of the Jordan [of the sun], as Moses the servant of the Lord had given them, Josh 13:8 according to the Greek-Slavonic translation begins with words not read in the present Hebrew text: ταῖς δὲ δύο φυλαῖς καὶ τῷ ἡμίσει Μανασση—“and to the two tribes and the half-tribe of Manasseh.” These words, also read in the ancient Slavonic translation, belong, it should be supposed, to the text of the book, as is evident from the present Hebrew text of it, from which the opening word of this verse rather clearly indicates an omission of several preceding words. According to the literal translation from the Hebrew it begins with the words: with him (“immo”) “Reuben and Gad... received”... With whom then “with him”? According to the Hebrew text, Josh 13:7 ends with the words: “the half-tribe of Manasseh.” But to this half-tribe, which was to receive its inheritance in the Western-Jordan region, cannot apply the expression “with him,” since Reuben and Gad received their inheritance not with this western-Jordan half-tribe of Manasseh, but with another—the eastern-Jordan one, which was not named in the preceding verse. For this reason, the expression “with him” among biblical scholars following the Hebrew text is recognized as “imprecise” and is replaced with the words “with the other half-tribe of Manasseh.” The LXX translation eliminates the necessity for such, in any case, an arbitrary translation, presenting the above-cited words not preserved in the present Hebrew text, in which is named that half-tribe of Manasseh which is meant in the words “with him.” In the Slavonic translation, this “with him” is not rendered, although in the Alexandrian manuscript it is read after the above-cited Greek words τοῖς μετ` αὑτου τῷ Ρουβὴν καὶ Γαδ—“those with him, Reuben and Gad.” It is clear that the above-cited Greek translation words (and the two tribes and the half-tribe of Manasseh), preceding the expression “with him,” were omitted in the present Hebrew text, as a result of which a dreadfully incorrect sentence is obtained upon a literal translation of it, compelling translators to alter and supplement the Hebrew text.

Joshua 13:9. from Aroer, which is on the bank of the Arnon stream, and the city which is in the midst of the stream, and all the plain of Medeba to Dibon; See Josh 12:2. “The plain of Medeba to Dibon” is named the plateau (in Hebrew “Mishor,” hence the Slavonic “Misor”) on the east side of the Dead Sea, extending from the north—“from Medeba”—to the south—“to Dibon.” The city of Medeba is about 2 hours’ journey from Heshbon (Josh 13:10). At present, the place of Medeba is occupied by extensive, beautiful ruins bearing the name Madaba among the Arabs. “Dibon” is to the south of Medeba, about an hour’s journey from the Arnon. At present it is also ruins preserving the ancient name. Near these ruins in 1868, the German traveler Klein discovered a remarkable ancient monument with an inscription of the Moabite king Mesha, a contemporary of the Israelite king Joram and the Judean king Jehoshaphat, written in Phoenician letters.

Joshua 13:11. also Gilead and the territory of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and all Mount Hermon and all Bashan to Salcah, Gilead in general is the name for the east-of-Jordan region, both south and north of the Jabbok (now Zarqah), consisting of portions in modern times called “Belka” between the Jabbok and Arnon, and Jebel Adjloun, between the Jabbok and Yarmuk (Sheriat-el-Mandhur). The territories of the Geshurites and Maacathites (regarding the latter see Josh 12:5) are referred here to the possessions of the east-of-Jordan tribes, but in reality they did not belong to them (Josh 13:13).

Joshua 13:12. all the kingdom of Og of Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei. He was the last of the Rephaim, whom Moses struck down and drove out. Regarding Ashtaroth and Edrei see Josh 12:4.

Joshua 13:14. But to the tribe of Levi he gave no inheritance: the offerings made by fire to the Lord, the God of Israel, are his inheritance, as the Lord said to him. [And this is the division which Moses made to the sons of Israel in the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan, opposite to Jericho]: Moses did not give the tribe of Levi a separate hereditary possession (Deut 18:1-2) in accord with the divine command (in Num 18:20-21). “The offerings of the Lord” is the general name for gifts offered to the Lord, such as: offerings strictly speaking, burned on the altar (Lev 1:9 and others) and in the improper sense, such as: tithes, first fruits (Num 18:21; Lev 27:30), and the bread of the Presence (Lev 24:7). The word “offerings,” not found in most Greek manuscripts, as in the Slavonic translation, according to the Greek-Slavonic translation, “The Lord, the God of Israel, gave their inheritance,” which is not in accord with the indicated passages of the Book of Numbers and Deuteronomy. The words “[And this is the division which Moses made to the sons of Israel... opposite Jericho]” are absent in the Hebrew text but are read in the manuscripts of the LXX translation and in the Slavonic Bible. They represent, evidently, a heading for the following division of the east-of-Jordan region among two and a half tribes, and were found, in all probability, in the most ancient Hebrew text, which was used by the LXX, as this is also admitted by some Western Christian commentators. The expression “according to their tribes” in the ancient Greek manuscripts is absent.

Joshua 13:15. To the tribe of Reuben, according to its clans, Moses gave an inheritance: Joshua 13:16. Their territory was from Aroer, which is on the bank of the Arnon stream, and the city which is in the midst of the stream, and all the plain near Medeba, Joshua 13:17. Heshbon and all its cities, which are on the plain, and Dibon, Bamoth-baal, and Beth-baal-meon, See Josh 12:1-2. “Bamoth-baal” (the heights of Baal) was located on the east side of the Dead Sea, near its northern extremity; it served as the place from which Balaam saw the Israelite camp located on the Moabite plain opposite Jericho (Num 25:1); the exact location of it has not been established. The city “Beth-baal-meon” (in the Slavonic Bible “the houses of Beel-meon”) was located on the northern side of the Zerqa Ma’in stream, about 6 versts from Medeba (see Josh 13:9), at the place of extensive uninhabited ruins at present bearing the name Main.

Joshua 13:18. Jahaz, Kedemoth, and Mephaath, The location of “Jahaz” (in the Slavonic Bible “Iassa,” in accord with the Alexandrian manuscript) has not been established; according to Eusebius (named Ἰεσσα), this city was located between Medeba and Dibon; some place it at the ruins of Mughatell-el-Ghay on the southern side of Aroer, near Aror, as the location of Jahaz. “Kedemoth” was located in the wilderness bearing its name (Deut 2:26), in the upper course of the Arnon (Num 21:13), “on the edge of the Syrian-Arabian wilderness,” not far from the road to Mecca; but its exact location is not determined. The location of “Mephaath,” which was a Levitical city (Josh 21:37), and in the time of Roman rule (according to Eusebius: Μηφααθ) a guard post, is likewise unknown at present.

Joshua 13:19. Kiriathaim, Sibmah, and Zereth-shahar on the hill, “Kiriathaim” was located, according to Eusebius, 10 Roman miles (14 versts) from Medeba, in present-day Quriyat, as the ruins are called, to the south of Mount Aparus and Wadi Zarqa. The location of “Sibmah,” found according to the indication of the blessed Jerome (in his commentary on the Book of the Prophet Isaiah 16:8) 500 paces from Heshbon, is unknown at present. “Zereth-shahar” (in the Slavonic Bible “Sarph and Sior,” in accord with the Alexandrian manuscript) “on the hill” (in the Slavonic Bible “Enak,” in accord with the Alexandrian manuscript) is pointed out by some at the place of ruins called Zara, to the east of the Dead Sea, to the south of Wadi Zarqa Ma’in.

Joshua 13:20. Beth-peor and the slopes of Pisgah and Beth-jeshimoth, “Beth-peor” was located at Mount Peor (in Hebrew “Peor”), which forms the northern peak of the Abarim range, near the Moabite plain, according to Eusebius (Βεθφογορ) “7 Roman miles upstream” (to the east) “from Liviad” (“Beth-haram” Josh 13:27). Regarding the locations “at the slopes of Pisgah and Beth-jeshimoth” see in the commentary to Josh 12:3.

Joshua 13:21. and all the cities on the plain, and all the kingdom of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, whom Moses struck down along with the leaders of Midian: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the princes of Sihon who dwelt in the land [thereof]; Concerning the princes of Midian dwelling in Sihon’s kingdom, mention is made in Num 31:8.

Joshua 13:24. Moses also gave an inheritance to the tribe of Gad, according to their clans: Joshua 13:25. Their territory included Jazer, and all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the Ammonites, to Aroer, which is before Rabbah, The inheritance of the tribe of Gad lay in general to the north of that of Reuben. The Jazer named first is indicated at the place of ruins bearing the names Sir and Khirbat Sar, to the west of Philadelphia (see Josh 13:25), 10 Roman miles from which Jazer is indicated in Eusebius. “All the cities of Gilead,” that is, the cities of the southern half of Gilead, to the south of the Jabbok River (Deut 3:16). “And half the land of the Ammonites to Aroer, which is before Rabbah”: is meant that part of the Ammonite land which was held by Sihon and which after his defeat passed to the Israelites; the land of the Ammonites which they possessed at that time was forbidden to the Israelites to touch (Deut 2:19). The Aroer named here was distinct from the same-named city at the Arnon River (Josh 13:16), but its location is not determined; it is conjecturally indicated to the west of Rabbah, the former capital of the Ammonites, bearing the name Philadelphia and presenting at present extensive ruins called Amman, on the southern tributary (Nahr Amman) of the upper Jabbok.

Joshua 13:26. and the land from Heshbon to Ramath-mizpeh and Betonim, and from Mahanaim to the territory of Debir, Here is indicated the extent of the possessions of the tribe of Gad from the south (from Heshbon; Josh 13:17) to the north (“to Ramath-mizpeh”). This city is usually recognized as the same as the one named in Josh 20:8 and Josh 21:38 as Ramoth in Gilead, which was located, according to Eusebius (Ραμωθ), 15 Roman miles to the west of Philadelphia. Its location is for the most part considered to be the present-day city of Es-Salt on Mount Osha to the south of the Jabbok. But this geographical determination is not universally accepted: others assign it different locations, generally to the north of Es-Salt. “Betonim” is probably indicated at the place of ruins bearing the name Batne to the west of Es-Salt. “And from Mahanaim to the territory of Debir.” “Mahanaim,” which received its name from the patriarch Jacob (Gen 32:2), was located on the northern side of the Jabbok stream (Gen 32:22); but its exact location has not been determined. However, it is not without probability that opinion held by some of present-day biblical scholars that it was situated at the place of the present-day village of Mahne, halfway between the Jabbok and the Yarmuk. The considerable distance of Mahne from the Jabbok is consistent with the narrative (Gen 32:13-22) of the journey of the patriarch from Mahanaim to the Jabbok lasting a day. Mahanaim belonged to the tribe of Gad (Josh 21:38). The location of “Debir” (in Hebrew “Lidevir”) is unknown.

Joshua 13:27. and in the valley of Beth-haram and Beth-nimrah, and Succoth and Zaphon, the rest of the kingdom of Sihon, the king of Heshbon; its border was at the Jordan to the Sea of Kinnereth on the east of the Jordan. The western border of the inheritance of the tribe of Gad was the Jordan valley, in which the four cities named here were located. “Beth-haram,” according to the Slavonic Bible “Vitharam,” named by Herod Antipas as Julia in honor of the wife of Augustus, was located opposite Jericho. The hill with its ruins bears the name Tell or Beyg-Haran. Beth-nimrah was located, according to Eusebius (Βηθναβραν), 5 Roman miles to the north of Livias. Its ruins bear the name Nimrin. The location of “Succoth” on the east side of the Jordan and “Zaphon” has not been established. The cities given to the tribe of Gad are named as the remainder of Sihon’s kingdom, since a significant portion of the latter had already been given to the tribe of Reuben. Regarding the “Sea of Kinnereth” see Josh 11:2.

Joshua 13:29. Moses also gave an inheritance to the half-tribe of Manasseh; and the portion belonged to the half-tribe of the sons of Manasseh, according to their clans; The words “which belonged to the half-tribe of the sons of Manasseh,” repeating what is said in the opening words of this verse, are read in the Hebrew text but are not found in the LXX translation according to its most ancient manuscripts, nor in the Slavonic Bible.

Joshua 13:30. their border was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og, king of Bashan, and all the settlements of Jair, which are in Bashan, sixty cities; In describing the inheritance of the half-tribe of Manasseh, the biblical writer first indicates the southern boundary marker—Mahanaim, and then the important northern part of its possessions—Bashan (Josh 12:5), as was the name of the kingdom of Og before its conquest by the Israelites; after the conquest it became known under the name “the settlements of Jair” (Deut 3:14).

Joshua 13:31. and half of Gilead and Ashtaroth and Edrei, the royal cities of Og of Bashan, [were given] to the sons of Makir, the son of Manasseh, the half of the sons of Makir, according to their clans. Here are particularly indicated that half of Gilead which is more precisely designated by the royal cities found in it, “Ashtaroth and Edrei,” that is, the northern half, which was received by the older generation of Manasseh’s tribe, called by the name of its founder, Makir, to distinguish it from other clans also descended from him (Num 26:29-32) but bearing the names of other immediate ancestors. The northern part of Gilead was given to the Makir clan, as it took especially active part in its conquest (Num 32:39; Josh 17:1). * * * In the Alexandrian manuscript according to its phototype copy, the end of Josh 13 and the beginning of Josh 13 is read as καὶ τῷ Ευαίῳ ἐκ Θαιμαν καὶ πάσῃ γῇ Χανααν. Here the word Θαιμαν is separated from the following words πάση γῇ by a mark or dot, which constitutes the only punctuation mark in the Alexandrian manuscript. The period placed in the printed editions of the Greek text before ἐκ Θαιμαν belongs to the editors, who have divided it according to the accepted verse division. The direct connection of the words: to the south with the end of Josh 13 is clearly expressed also in the translation of the blessed Jerome: Ad meridiem vero sunt Hevaii—“and to the south the Avvites.” According to other commentators (for example, Keil. Iosua, 105), this passage is translated the same way in the Syriac Peshitta. V. K. Lebedev, 356. Thus is read the beginning of the 8th verse in the Alexandrian and ancient Vatican (except δὲ δύο, absent in the latter) and other manuscripts. V. K. Lebedev, p. 236: “and you shall divide it to two great tribes and to half the tribe of Manasseh.” Keil, Iosua, 107; Dillmann, Numeri Iosua. 511. The translation of this monument into Russian with an explanation can be found in the “Christian Reading” of 1870, where are placed articles by Professor D. A. Khvol’son, “The Newly Discovered Monument of Moabite King Mesha.” A. Dillman in the above-mentioned commentary. Tristram, Bible places, 369. Riehm, 818. Keil. Iosua, 168. Tristram. Bible places, 340 and others.